Pedagogical Models and Applications of STEM Education: A Systematic Literature Review on Approaches, Tools, and Learning Outcomes

Abstract

This systematic literature review aims to explore and synthesize current research on pedagogical models and applications of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education. Drawing on over 20 peer-reviewed articles published between 2016 and 2025, this study identifies the dominant instructional approaches, integration of technological and cultural tools, and the resulting impact on student learning outcomes and 21st-century skills. The analysis reveals a strong presence of inquiry-based learning, project-based learning, engineering design processes, and context-specific models such as STEM-EDELCY and ethno-STEM. Media such as virtual reality, IoT-based devices, hybrid laboratories, and indigenous knowledge are increasingly adopted to support experiential and contextual learning. Furthermore, STEM education contributes significantly to developing students' critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, and career interest in STEM fields. However, implementation challenges persist, including curriculum alignment, teacher readiness, and limited resources. This review offers insights for researchers, educators, and policymakers to develop more effective and contextually relevant STEM pedagogies.